Skip to content
Canine PeptideResearch peptides

References

Every factual claim on this site traces to one of the studies below. Canine-specific studies are marked — there are fewer of them than the volume of discussion about these compounds would suggest, and that gap is itself worth knowing.

The short answer

This guide cites 32 peer-reviewed studies, of which 6 were conducted in dogs. The rest are rodent, equine, in vitro, or human studies from which canine relevance is inferred. That distinction is the single most important thing to understand about the evidence base in this field.

Canine studies (6)

  1. 1.CANINE STUDYHe L, et al. Pharmacokinetics, distribution, metabolism and excretion of BPC 157 in rats and dogs. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2022. PMID 36588722
  2. 2.CANINE STUDYXu C, et al. Preclinical safety evaluation of body protective compound-157. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2020. PMID 32334036
  3. 3.CANINE STUDYJournal of the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association Case report: canine stifle injury managed with BPC-157 and TB-500. JAHVM, 2023. View source
  4. 4.CANINE STUDYCanapp SO, et al. The effect of topical tripeptide-copper complex on healing of ischemic open wounds. Veterinary Surgery, 2003. PMID 14569578
  5. 5.CANINE STUDYNguyen J, et al. Oral Fenbendazole for Cancer Therapy in Humans and Animals. Anticancer Research, 2024. View source
  6. 6.CANINE STUDYZhu M, et al. Ivermectin-induced apoptosis of canine mammary tumor cells through regulation of the cell cycle and WNT signaling. BMC Veterinary Research, 2019. PMC6679554

All references (32)

  1. 1.Vasireddi N, et al. Emerging Use of BPC-157 in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 2025. PMC12313605
  2. 2.Jozwiak M, et al. Multifunctionality of BPC 157: Literature and Patent Review. Pharmaceuticals, 2025. PMC11859134
  3. 3.Song B, et al. Fenbendazole: An Anticancer Agent? A Case Series of Self-Administration. Case Reports in Oncology, 2025. PMC12215191
  4. 4.CANINE STUDYNguyen J, et al. Oral Fenbendazole for Cancer Therapy in Humans and Animals. Anticancer Research, 2024. View source
  5. 5.CANINE STUDYJournal of the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association Case report: canine stifle injury managed with BPC-157 and TB-500. JAHVM, 2023. View source
  6. 6.Kim YJ, et al. Fenbendazole Exhibits Differential Anticancer Effects In Vitro and In Vivo in Models of Mouse Lymphoma. Current Issues in Molecular Biology, 2023. PMC10670425
  7. 7.CANINE STUDYHe L, et al. Pharmacokinetics, distribution, metabolism and excretion of BPC 157 in rats and dogs. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2022. PMID 36588722
  8. 8.Esposito S, et al. TB500/TB1000: understanding misbranded drugs. Drug Testing and Analysis, 2022. doi:10.1002/dta.3413
  9. 9.Tang M, et al. Ivermectin, a potential anticancer drug derived from an antiparasitic drug. Pharmacological Research, 2021. PMC7505114
  10. 10.CANINE STUDYXu C, et al. Preclinical safety evaluation of body protective compound-157. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2020. PMID 32334036
  11. 11.Dominari A, et al. Thymosin alpha 1: a comprehensive review of the literature. World Journal of Virology, 2020. PMID 33362999
  12. 12.Dominguez-Gomez G, et al. Ivermectin as an inhibitor of cancer stem-like cells: antitumor effects at clinically feasible concentrations. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology, 2020. View source
  13. 13.Gwyer D, Wragg NM, Wilson SL Gastric pentadecapeptide body protection compound BPC 157 and its role in accelerating musculoskeletal soft tissue healing. Cell and Tissue Research, 2019. PMID 30915550
  14. 14.Bellet MM, et al. Thymosin Alpha 1 in Cancer Therapy: Where Do We Stand?. Frontiers in Oncology, 2019. doi:10.3389/fonc.2019.00873
  15. 15.CANINE STUDYZhu M, et al. Ivermectin-induced apoptosis of canine mammary tumor cells through regulation of the cell cycle and WNT signaling. BMC Veterinary Research, 2019. PMC6679554
  16. 16.Wang F, et al. Thymosin alpha-1-Fc modulates the immune system with prolonged half-life. Scientific Reports, 2018. PMID 30120313
  17. 17.Pickart L, Margolina A Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2018. PMC6073405
  18. 18.Dogra N, Kumar A, Mukhopadhyay T Fenbendazole acts as a moderate microtubule destabilizing agent and causes cancer cell death by modulating multiple cellular pathways. Scientific Reports, 2018. PMID 30093705
  19. 19.Juarez M, Schcolnik-Cabrera A, Duenas-Gonzalez A The multitargeted drug ivermectin: from an antiparasitic agent to a repositioned cancer drug. American Journal of Cancer Research, 2018. PMID 29344093
  20. 20.King R, Tuthill C Immune modulation with thymosin alpha 1 treatment. Vitamins and Hormones, 2016. PMID 27450734
  21. 21.Guo Y, et al. Thymosin alpha 1 suppresses proliferation of breast cancer cells via PTEN/PI3K/Akt/mTOR. Apoptosis, 2015. View source
  22. 22.Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration. BioMed Research International, 2015. PMC4508379
  23. 23.Davitt K, et al. The anti-cancer peptide PNC-27 induces necrosis in K562 leukemia cells. Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science, 2014. PMID 25117093
  24. 24.Kwok WH, et al. Doping control analysis of TB-500 in equine urine and plasma. Journal of Chromatography B, 2013. PMID 23084823
  25. 25.Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK Thymosin beta-4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2012. PMID 22074294
  26. 26.Leach B, et al. Fenbendazole as a Potential Anticancer Drug. Anticancer Research, 2012. PMC3580766
  27. 27.Kleinman HK, Sosne G Thymosin beta 4 promotes dermal healing: animal studies. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2010. PMID 20536453
  28. 28.Sarafraz-Yazdi E, et al. Anticancer peptide PNC-27 adopts an HDM-2-binding conformation and kills cancer cells by binding to HDM-2 in their membranes. PNAS, 2010. PMID 20080606
  29. 29.Sookraj KA, et al. The anti-cancer peptide PNC-27 induces tumor cell lysis as the intact peptide. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology, 2010. PMID 20182728
  30. 30.Goldspink G Mechanical signals, IGF-I gene splicing, and muscle adaptation. Physiology, 2005. PMID 16174871
  31. 31.CANINE STUDYCanapp SO, et al. The effect of topical tripeptide-copper complex on healing of ischemic open wounds. Veterinary Surgery, 2003. PMID 14569578
  32. 32.Maquart FX, et al. In vivo stimulation of connective tissue accumulation by the tripeptide-copper complex in rat experimental wounds. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 1993. PMID 8227350